01Roofing

124 illustrations · printed pages 7-30

Steep Roofing ·Generalp. 8

Roof slopes

· p. 8

The illustration defines roof slope as vertical rise divided by horizontal run, using schematic roof profiles and dimension arrows. Conventional slopes are labeled as 4 in 12 and up, with the rise measured from the horizontal baseline to the ridge over a 12-unit run. Low slopes are shown ranging from 2 in 12 to 4 in 12. Flat roofs are classified as 0 in 12 to 2 in 12, illustrated by a horizontal line and a shallow pitched profile. No roof coverings, assembly details, or defects are depicted.

0002

Steep roof types

· p. 8

Six simplified perspective drawings show different roof forms on rectangular buildings. The hip roof slopes down toward all sides, while the mansard roof has steep lower slopes and shallower upper slopes. The butterfly roof has two inward-sloping planes meeting at a central valley, and the shed roof has a single sloping plane. The gable roof has two opposing slopes meeting at a ridge, while the gambrel roof has a shallower upper slope and a steeper lower slope on each side. The illustration identifies roof geometries without showing construction details or defects.

0003

Dormer gutters - discharging onto roof

· p. 8

A gabled dormer projects from a larger shingle-covered roof, with a gutter along the dormer's side eave. The gutter has no end cap at its upslope end and discharges directly onto the main roof beside the dormer. An arrow and blue-highlighted strip indicate water flowing downhill alongside the dormer wall. Annotations identify increased potential for leakage at the dormer edges and localized shingle wear in the runoff path.

0004

Patched roofing

· p. 8

The illustration shows a brick chimney penetrating a sloped roof covered with overlapping rectangular roofing units. Several light-colored roofing units contrast with the surrounding gray covering and are identified as different roofing materials. Metal flashing surrounds the chimney base, with exposed unpainted or unrusty portions called out along one side. Dark asphalt-based patching material covers portions of the roof-to-flashing junction beside the chimney. These contrasting materials and localized applications indicate previous patching at and near the chimney penetration.

0005

Vulnerable areas

· p. 8

The illustration identifies vulnerable locations on several roof configurations. The upper roof drawing highlights a wide chimney near a valley, a skylight, roof-mounted equipment that obstructs water drainage, and a patched area. Separate examples show a roof with a change in slope and a butterfly roof with inward-sloping planes. The lower drawing highlights a change in roofing material, an upper-roof drain discharging onto a lower roof, and an asymmetric valley. These are identified as areas requiring attention rather than as visible examples of active leakage.

0006

Ice dams

· p. 8

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· p. 14

The illustration shows an individual S-style clay roof tile alongside an assembled section of tile roofing. Each tile combines a concave channel with a raised convex barrel, forming an S-shaped profile. Two nail holes are identified near the upper end of the individual tile. The installed view shows tiles arranged side by side in overlapping courses, creating continuous alternating channels and rounded ridges. No defects are depicted.

Steep Roofing ·Concrete and Fiber Cementp. 15

0042

Clay tile - interlocking shingle

· p. 15

The illustration shows interlocking shingle-style clay roof tiles in top, side, and front views, together with an installed perspective view. Individual tiles have flat faces, shaped interlocking side edges, and two holes near the upper edge. The installed view shows overlapping courses with staggered joints on roof sheathing. A lower front view illustrates how adjacent tile edges interlock above the sheathing. No defects or improper installation practices are indicated.

0043

How clay tiles are secured

· p. 15

The illustration shows several methods for securing clay roof tiles: wire ties, tile locks, mortar, battens, and nailing. The wire-tie detail shows tiles connected to twisted wire secured to roof sheathing by a deck anchor, while the tile-lock detail includes a wire, nail, and enlarged view of the lock. Mortar is shown at tile contact areas to provide additional bonding, particularly with wire-secured systems. A separate detail shows overlapping flat tiles supported on battens, with a gap in a batten for draining water. The nailing detail shows a profiled tile over sheathing and a wood nailing strip, with nails positioned near the tile's upper end.

0045

Concrete tiles

· p. 15

The illustration shows four concrete roof tile profiles in perspective: curved, Spanish, flat interlocking, and flat shingle style. The curved tile has an undulating profile, while the Spanish tile combines a broad rounded roll with an adjacent channel. The flat interlocking tile has molded side-edge grooves and ribs, whereas the flat shingle-style tile has plain edges. Each example shows two fastening holes near its upper end. No installed assembly or defects are depicted.

0044

Eave closures for spanish or mission tiles

· p. 15

The illustration shows overlapping Spanish or mission roof tiles installed over roof sheathing at an eave. Shaped eave closures fill the arched openings beneath the raised portions of the tiles at the bottom edge of the roof. Small drain holes are shown at the bases of the closures. A fascia board runs across the roof edge below the tile ends.

Steep Roofing ·Metalp. 16

0046

Cracked or broken tiles

· p. 16

The illustration shows a house with intersecting sloped roof planes, a dormer, a chimney-like roof penetration, and an exterior television antenna tower. Dashed circles identify locations where cracked or broken concrete roof tiles are more likely to be found. These locations include the roof around the dormer, a roof valley, the base of the roof penetration, and the roof adjacent to the television tower. Individual tiles and actual fractures are not drawn; the diagram identifies areas to examine for damage.

0047

How concrete tiles are secured

· p. 16

The illustration shows several methods of securing profiled concrete roof tiles. The upper detail depicts overlapping tile courses supported on battens, with a gap between batten ends for draining water. The middle detail shows tiles on roof sheathing with nail attachment locations and mortar that may supplement nailing. The lower detail shows a hurricane clip engaging a tile edge and fastening to the sheathing. These are presented as securement options rather than examples of defects.

0048

Fiber cement shingles

· p. 16

The illustration shows two roof elevations with fiber cement shingle coverings. The left roof has rectangular shingles laid in horizontal courses with staggered joints, while the right roof has a diamond-pattern shingle layout. Both roofs are shown above cornice trim and windows, with chimneys beside the roof slopes. The annotations identify common shingle shapes and state that fiber cement shingles are lighter and more brittle than clay or slate shingles. No damage or improper installation is depicted.

0049

Metal shingles

· p. 16

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The illustration shows overlapping courses of wide selvage roll roofing installed over roof sheathing, with the downward roof slope indicated. Each strip has a smooth selvage portion and a mineral-surfaced portion, with fasteners shown along the upper edge of the selvage. Curled-back ends reveal the overlapping layers and the cement bonding between them. An annotation specifies a bead of cement below the bottom edge of each layer. The indicated exposure is L/2 minus 2 inches, typically 16 inches.

Flat Roofing ·Flat Roof Flashingsp. 26

0104

Built-up flat roof/wall flashing

· p. 26

The illustration shows a gravel-surfaced built-up flat roof meeting a masonry wall, with an overview inset and an enlarged section through the flashing assembly. A four-ply membrane lies over roof sheathing supported by roof rafters, beneath an asphalt flood coat and gravel. A triangular cant strip supports the transition from the horizontal roof to the wall, where two layers of felt form the base flashing. Metal counter flashing is let into a mortar joint and overlaps the base flashing, with a hem identified as desirable for rigidity. The drawing indicates a flashing height of 8 to 14 inches above the sheathing level and specifies that metal counter flashing sections should not exceed 10 feet in length.

0105

Modified bitumen roof/wall flashing

· p. 26

The illustration shows a modified bitumen roof-to-masonry-wall flashing assembly in section, with an inset locating the flashing along a building wall. Modified bitumen base flashing overlaps the roof membrane and turns up the wall over a 3-by-3 cant strip. Metal counter flashing is let into a mortar joint and extends down over the base flashing, with a hem recommended for added rigidity. A vertical dimension of 8 to 14 inches is indicated from the roof surface to the upper portion of the base flashing. The inset specifies that sections of metal counter flashing should not exceed 10 feet in length.

0106

Two-piece counter flashing

· p. 26

The illustration shows a two-piece metal counter flashing assembly at a low-slope roof-to-stucco-wall intersection, with an inset showing its location along a house wall. In section, the modified bitumen roof membrane turns up the wall as base flashing, overlapped by a removable counter flashing portion. The removable portion engages a permanent portion set beneath the stucco, and a hem at its lower edge is recommended for rigidity. A vertical dimension indicates 8 to 14 inches from the roof membrane level to the top of the base flashing. The inset specifies that metal counter flashing sections should not exceed 10 feet in length, and a note states that no cant strip is shown.

0107

Built up roofing membrane - edge details

· p. 26

The illustration shows a section through the perimeter of a gravel-surfaced, four-ply built-up roof, with a small perspective inset illustrating the layered roofing assembly. Metal edge flashing extends horizontally into the roofing, rises at the perimeter to form a gravel stop, and turns down over the fascia to a projecting drip edge. One or two layers of felt are mopped over the horizontal portion of the flashing, with two approximately 4-inch dimensions indicated across the edge detail. An optional nail is shown through the horizontal flange, and a face fastener with a neoprene washer secures the vertical leg. A note states that the fastener may not be required if the drip edge height is 3 inches or less; roof sheathing, a roof joist, siding, and the fascia board are identified below.

0108

Built up roofing membrane - curbed edge

· p. 26

The illustration shows a section through the curbed edge of a built-up roof with a four-ply membrane, an asphalt flood coat, and gravel surfacing over roof sheathing. The membrane turns upward along a triangular 3x3 cant strip at the perimeter. Hemmed metal counterflashing covers the raised edge and extends down the exterior face, where a fastener with a neoprene washer and an outward-turned drip edge are shown. Roof sheathing, a roof joist, and siding are identified beneath the edge assembly. An inset perspective shows the layered membrane construction and indicates the downward slope of the roof.

0109

Modified bitumen roof/wall flashing

· p. 26

The illustration shows a low-slope roof meeting a brick wall, with an overview and an enlarged flashing section. A four-ply roof membrane and flood coat or asphalt lie over roof sheathing supported by a roof rafter. Two layers of felt base flashing extend up the wall over a 3-by-3 cant strip at the roof-wall transition. Metal counter flashing is let into a mortar joint and overlaps the base flashing; a hem is identified as desirable for added rigidity. The detail indicates a flashing height of 8 to 14 inches and limits metal counter flashing sections to 10 feet in length.

0111

Alternative attachment method for counter flashing

· p. 27

A section through a flat roof at a brick wall shows a modified bitumen roof membrane over roof sheathing supported by a roof rafter. Modified bitumen base flashing extends across the roof edge and turns up the wall, with metal counter flashing overlapping its vertical leg. The counter flashing is surface-mounted using a horizontal bar secured to the wall, and its top is caulked. A vertical dimension indicates 8 to 14 inches above the roof surface. Annotations state that this installation requires regular maintenance and that no cant strip is shown.

0112

Lower quality built-up flat roof/wall flashing

· p. 27

The illustration shows a section through a gravel-surfaced built-up flat roof where it meets a brick wall. A four-ply membrane lies over roof sheathing supported by a roof rafter and turns upward over an angled support at the wall. Metal counter flashing is nailed and caulked to the wall, with these attachment and sealing locations identified as potential water entry points. The counter flashing lacks a hem for rigidity, and exposed membrane at the transition is identified as deteriorating quickly. A large red prohibition symbol marks the assembly as a lower-quality flashing practice.

0113

EPDM (or PVC) roof/wall flashing

· p. 27

The illustration shows a low-slope membrane roof meeting a brick wall, with an inset locating the flashing along the roof-to-wall junction. In section, the EPDM or PVC roof membrane lies over roof sheathing supported by a roof rafter and is secured at the wall with a continuous metal bar. Matching membrane base flashing overlaps the roof membrane and extends up the wall, where a second continuous metal bar secures its upper termination. Caulking seals the top of the wall flashing, and a vertical dimension indicates a flashing height of 8 to 14 inches above the roof. No defects are depicted.

0114

Through-wall flashings

· p. 27

The illustration shows a section through a gravel-surfaced flat roof where it meets a masonry parapet wall. Through-wall flashing extends beneath the coping, which slopes for drainage on both sides. Metal counterflashing let into the masonry overlaps the base flashing, identified as two layers of felt mopped up the wall. A cant strip supports the sloping transition between the four-ply roof membrane and the wall, above roof sheathing and a roof rafter. The annotations describe through-wall flashing as a high-quality detail intended to keep water entering the top of the wall from traveling down into the building.

0115

Metal clad parapet wall

· p. 27

The illustration shows a section through a gravel-surfaced built-up roof meeting a masonry parapet wall. A four-ply membrane lies over roof sheathing supported by a roof rafter. At the wall, a cant strip supports the sloped transition beneath base flashing consisting of two layers of felt mopped up the wall. Metal counter flashing let into the masonry overlaps the base flashing, while metal cap flashing covers the parapet top and extends down its sides. The cap slopes toward the roof for drainage.

0116

Chimney cap details

· p. 27

The illustration shows a cross section of a masonry chimney with a cap surrounding a clay tile flue liner that extends above it. The cap slopes outward for drainage and should project at least 1 inch beyond the chimney face. An underside groove near the cap edge acts as a drip to prevent runoff from flowing down the masonry. Annotations direct inspection for caulking at the cap-to-liner junction and sealing of cracks or gaps in the cap.

0117

Skylight in flat roof

· p. 28

The illustration shows a domed skylight mounted on a raised curb in a flat roof, with roof framing and an exterior wall shown in section. An enlarged detail illustrates the skylight frame, an 8-inch curb, and the flashing assembly at the curb-to-roof junction. Base flashing extends from the roof surface up the curb over a cant strip, with counter flashing overlapping its upper edge beneath the skylight frame. The detail calls for sealing around the head of the frame fastener and shows a channel in the frame for collecting condensation.

0118

"Stack jack" plumbing stack flashing

· p. 28

The illustration shows a plumbing stack penetrating a modified bitumen flat roof, with an enlarged cross section of the stack jack flashing. A metal sleeve surrounds the stack and terminates in a 3-inch flange at the roof surface. A collar of roofing material is secured over the flange to integrate the flashing with the roof membrane. The top of the sleeve is protected by a metal cap, with clamping the sleeve to the stack noted as an alternative. Roof sheathing and rafters are shown below the membrane, and a small perspective view has the roofing collar cut away to reveal its overlap with the flange.

0119

Cone-style plumbing stack flashing

· p. 28

The illustration shows cone-style flashing around a plumbing stack penetrating a modified bitumen roof, with a perspective view and an enlarged cross section. The metal cone surrounds the stack and terminates at a friction-fit neoprene collar. Its base extends onto the roof as a 3-inch flange, covered by a collar of roofing material secured over the flange. A cutaway in the perspective view exposes this overlap, while the cross section shows the roof sheathing and rafters beneath the membrane.

0120

Pitch pans for irregular roof penetrations

· p. 28

A perspective view and enlarged cross section show a pitch pan sealing an irregular column penetration through a modified bitumen roof. The sheet-metal pan surrounds the column and has an outward flange overlapped by a collar of roofing material. Cold asphalt mastic fills the pan, with its surface sloped away from the column for drainage. The cross section shows the roof membrane above sheathing and roof rafters. Notes describe pitch pans as a less-than-ideal sealing approach with few alternatives and state that regular maintenance is required.

0121

Flat roof drainage systems

· p. 28

Three building diagrams illustrate alternative flat-roof drainage arrangements. The scupper arrangement drains through openings in parapet walls, with an exterior downspout shown and a callout identifying leakage as common at the scupper. The internal drainage arrangement directs water toward a central roof drain, where a dashed outline marks a potential leakage area. The third arrangement slopes toward an open roof edge with a gutter mounted at the low end and an exterior downspout. Bold arrows indicate the direction of roof drainage.

0122

Drain in modified bitumen roof

· p. 28

The illustration shows a drain in a modified bitumen flat roof, with a surface view and an enlarged cross section. A domed bird-cage strainer covers the drain opening, which connects to a waste pipe below. The drain's 3-inch flange extends onto the roof assembly, and a collar of roofing material is secured over it. A cutaway in the surface view exposes the collar's overlap with the flashing flange. Roof joists are shown beneath the roof on either side of the drain.

0123

Flat roof draining onto sloped roof

· p. 29

The section shows a gravel-covered, four-ply flat roof draining onto an adjacent shingled sloped roof. A metal gravel stop has a horizontal flange integrated into the flat roof membrane, a raised edge to retain gravel, and a sloping apron extending over the shingles. One or two layers of felt are mopped over the horizontal portion of the drip edge, and the apron has a hem for added rigidity. Roof sheathing and supporting roof framing are shown beneath the two roof surfaces. The illustration presents the flashing arrangement without depicting a defect.

0124

Sloped roof draining onto flat roof

· p. 29

Two roof sections compare typical and improved details where a shingled sloped roof drains onto a gravel-surfaced built-up flat roof. Both details specify extending the flat-roof membrane 3 feet up the slope underneath the shingles. The typical installation shows shingles continuing down toward the roof transition. The better installation adds metal flashing over the lower portion of the steep roof, where the annotation notes that water and snow tend to accumulate. Roof sheathing and supporting rafters are shown beneath the roofing assemblies.