08Exterior

256 illustrations · printed pages 301-350

Architectural Styles ·Building Shapes and Detailsp. 302

1710

Brackets versus dentils

· p. 304

Two circular views compare decorative details beneath the roof cornices of brick buildings. The left view shows widely spaced, shaped brackets beneath a projecting cornice, with rectangular framed panels between them. The right view shows a row of small, closely spaced rectangular dentils beneath the cornice. Both views include a sloping shingled roof and a brick chimney. The illustration distinguishes architectural ornament rather than depicting installation defects.

1711

Half-timbering

· p. 304

· p. 305

The illustration shows a jalousie, or louver, window in closed and open positions. Each rectangular frame contains a series of horizontal pivoting slats. In the closed position, the slats align to cover the window opening; in the open position, they tilt outward together, leaving ventilation gaps between them. Dashed orientation lines identify the inside and outside of each window. No defects or improper installation practices are depicted.

Architectural Styles ·Specific House Stylesp. 306

1718

Window terms

· p. 306

The illustration shows an ornate gabled exterior elevation with paired central windows, narrow flanking windows, and a small window in the gable. Callouts identify a muntin dividing individual glass panes and a mullion separating the two central windows. Additional arrows identify a pane of glass, the sash framework holding the glass, and the projecting sill beneath a window. The lower windows have divided upper glazing and single-pane lower glazing. This is a terminology diagram rather than a depiction of installation defects.

1719

Window shapes

· p. 306

The illustration compares six decorative window and entrance configurations. A Gothic window has a pointed arch, diamond-pattern glazing, and an exterior drip mold, while a Palladian arrangement combines a broad central window, narrow flanking windows, and a semicircular glazed top. A curved-top window is framed by an ornamental hood. The entrance example has a paneled door, glazed sidelights, and a semicircular fanlight with radiating glazing bars. Two rectangular multipane windows illustrate an intact triangular pediment and a broken pediment with an opening at its apex. No defects or improper installation practices are depicted.

1720

Bow, bay and oriel windows

· p. 306

Three simplified house exteriors illustrate bow, bay and oriel windows projecting from exterior walls. The bow window has a rounded profile with multiple glazed divisions and curved upper and lower enclosures. The bay window has an angular profile, a small roof, and an enclosed base extending to the bottom of the wall. The oriel window is a smaller angular projection with a small roof and sill, positioned above the bottom of the wall without an enclosure extending down to grade. The illustration identifies architectural forms rather than installation defects.

1721

Door lights

· p. 306

The illustration shows two paneled entrance doors with different glazing and architectural trim arrangements, each approached by steps. The left entrance has a semicircular fanlight with radial glazing bars above the door and narrow, divided sidelights on both sides. The right entrance has a rectangular, divided transom light above the door and a triangular pediment crowning the surround. Pilasters flank the entrances, with prominent fluting on the right example. The drawing identifies architectural features rather than depicting installation defects.

1722

Columns

· p. 306

The illustration shows four classical column styles side by side: Doric, Tuscan, Ionic, and Corinthian. The Doric column has a fluted shaft and a simple capital, while the Tuscan column has a smooth shaft with simple molded details at its top and base. The Ionic column has a fluted shaft and a capital with paired spiral scrolls. The Corinthian column has a fluted shaft and an elaborate leaf-decorated capital, identified by a bracket labeled "capital." No defects or installation practices are depicted.

1723

Early Classical Revival

· p. 306

The illustration shows the symmetrical front elevation of a two-story Early Classical Revival house, dated late 1700s to early 1800s. A large central entry porch is supported by four tall columns and topped by a centered gable with a semicircular fanlight. The centered front door has sidelights and an overhead fanlight, with steps leading up to the porch. Multi-pane windows align horizontally and vertically across the facade, and chimneys rise at both ends of the main roof. The drawing identifies architectural characteristics rather than inspection defects.

1724

Greek Revival

· p. 307

The illustration shows the symmetrical front elevation of a two-story Greek Revival house identified with the mid 1800s. A low-slope roof with chimneys at both ends caps the facade, and broad cornice bands emphasize the roof edge and entrance porch. Multi-pane windows flank a centered entrance, with five windows arranged across the second story. The raised entrance porch has substantial decorative columns and steps leading to a paneled front door framed by sidelights and a transom. The annotations describe characteristic architectural details rather than defects or installation practices.

1725

Georgian

· p. 307

The illustration shows the symmetrical front elevation of a two-story Georgian house, identified as a style found throughout the 1700s. Individual multi-pane windows are evenly arranged around a central paneled entrance, with five windows on the upper floor and two on either side of the entrance below. The entrance has steps, flanking pilasters, a row of small glass panes above the door, and a pedimented crown. The lower-story windows have pedimented heads, and the double-hung windows have wide muntins. A dentil-decorated cornice extends beneath the sloping roof, with a chimney at each end.

1726

Adam

· p. 307

The illustration shows the symmetrical front elevation of an Adam-style house, identified as dating from the late 1700s to early 1800s. The two-story facade has a hipped roof with three arched-window dormers and two chimneys, with dentils decorating the eave cornice. A central paneled entrance door is flanked by sidelights and topped by a semicircular fanlight. Above the entrance is a central window grouping identified as Palladian. The remaining facade windows are double-hung, with narrow muntins and typically six panes per sash; no defects are depicted.

1727

Colonial Revival

· p. 307

The illustration shows the front elevation of a two-story Colonial Revival house with a hipped, shingle-patterned roof and a chimney at the left. The central paneled front door is emphasized by sidelights, steps, and a small pedimented entry porch supported by columns. Multi-pane windows have flanking louvered shutters and appear individually and in groups of different sizes. A dashed circle highlights the paired lower-right windows, and annotations identify the entrance and window arrangements as characteristic style features. No defects or improper construction practices are depicted.

1728

Italian Renaissance

· p. 308

The illustration shows a symmetrical two-story Italian Renaissance house facade identified with the late 1800s to early 1900s. A low-pitched clay-tile hip roof has wide overhangs with supporting brackets and chimneys at either side. Smaller rectangular second-story windows sit above tall, arched first-story windows. The central entry is recessed and accented by columns, an arched surround, and a fanlight above a paneled door. Callouts highlight architectural characteristics rather than defects or installation practices.

1729

Italianate

· p. 308

The illustration shows the front elevation of a symmetrical, two-story Italianate house identified with the mid 1800s. A low-sloped hipped roof has wide, decoratively bracketed eaves, two brick chimneys, and a central windowed cupola. The brick facade features contrasting corner quoining and a horizontal belt course between stories. Tall, narrow upper-story windows have rounded tops, with a paired window centered above the entrance; the lower windows have decorative pedimented surrounds. The central double-door entrance is sheltered by a small hipped porch roof supported on grouped slender columns.

1730

Gothic Revival

· p. 308

The illustration shows the front elevation of a Gothic Revival house identified with the mid to late 1800s. A steep roof has a prominent front cross gable with decorative vergeboards and a finial, and the exterior wall extends into the gable. A central pointed-arch window rises into the gable beneath a small trefoil-shaped opening labeled as a common motif. Upper windows have diamond-pattern leaded glazing and drip molds, and a projecting oriel window is shown on the right side. A full-width front porch features posts and flattened Gothic arches, with a short decorative railing centered above the entry.

1731

Stick

· p. 308

The illustration shows the front elevation of a two-story Stick-style home associated with the latter half of the 1800s. A steep roof includes a prominent front-facing cross gable with a decorative gable truss. Multi-textured exterior wall surfaces are divided by raised horizontal, vertical, and diagonal boards, with contrasting colors distinguishing the siding and trim. A covered front porch has posts, railings, and diagonal support braces, while the roof eaves project outward with exposed rafter ends and braces. Windows, an entry door, a chimney, and the exposed foundation complete the elevation; no defects are identified.

1732

Queen Anne

· p. 309

The illustration shows an asymmetrical Queen Anne house with a complex, steep roof combining a hipped main roof, a large front-facing gable, and a prominent tower with a pointed roof. Decorative cresting runs along the main roof ridge, and a finial tops the tower. Windows occur in groups, with the tower windows labeled as having a smaller single pane above a larger one. A porch extends across the front and around the side, featuring turned columns, ornamental spindlework, railings, and a gabled entrance. Additional visible features include a tall masonry chimney, decorative brackets, entrance steps, and contrasting exterior wall treatments; no defects are identified.

1733

Additional Queen Anne details

· p. 309

The illustration shows a partial front elevation of a Queen Anne house, identified as dating from the late 1800s to early 1900s. A large patterned masonry chimney rises beside a decorative front gable with patterned shingles, a gable ornament, and a pent roof across its base. The projecting two-story window bay has ornamental corner brackets and smaller brackets along the division between stories. Lower windows feature large panes of glass bordered by smaller panes. The entrance porch includes a decorated pediment, turned posts, spindlework, and railings, while ornamental cresting follows the main roof ridge. The drawing identifies architectural features rather than defects or installation practices.

1734

Shingle

· p. 309

The illustration shows the asymmetrical front facade of a late-1800s Shingle-style house. Wood shingles cover the roof and much of the walls, with no corner boards and shingles curving into a recessed upper window group. The irregular roof includes a prominent front gable, an eyebrow dormer, a larger gabled dormer, and eaves at different levels. Windows include groups of three or more, multipane upper sashes over single-pane lower sashes, and a Palladian window on the right. A covered entry porch has unadorned shingled supports, while exposed brickwork appears on the lower right facade and two chimneys.

1735

Tudor

· p. 309

The illustration shows the front elevation of a Tudor-style home, identified with the period 1900 to 1940s. A steep side-gabled roof has overlapping front-facing cross gables and a large brick chimney with decorative chimney pots. The exterior combines brick walls, decorative half-timbering with textured infill in the larger front gable, and a stone-faced entrance gable. A rounded-top entrance door sits above front steps, and tall, narrow windows with diamond-pattern glazing are arranged in groups. The annotations identify characteristic architectural features rather than inspection defects.

1736

Prairie

· p. 310

The illustration shows the front elevation of a two-story Prairie-style home, identified with the period 1900 to 1920. A low-pitched hipped roof with wide overhangs caps the house, and a wide, one-story porch has a similar low-pitched roof. Windows are arranged in groups, with small divided panes in their upper portions and larger panes below. Massive square masonry supports carry the porch roof, framing a central entrance reached by steps. Horizontal trim bands and broad rooflines emphasize the building's horizontal proportions; no defects are depicted.

1737

Craftsman

· p. 310

The illustration shows the front elevation of a Craftsman house with overlapping, low-pitched front-facing gable roofs and wide overhangs. Decorative beams or braces accent the gables, which are clad in horizontal siding. The covered entry porch has square roof supports resting on tapered brick bases that extend to ground level. Central steps lead to a paneled entry door, with grouped windows on either side featuring divided upper panes. Annotations date the style to 1900–1930 and identify its association with bungalow houses of one to one-and-a-half stories.

1738

Modernistic

· p. 310

The illustration depicts an asymmetrical Modernistic house facade associated with the 1920s to 1940s. The two-story main volume has a flat roof with coping, a curved exterior corner, and smooth walls with minimal ornamentation, identified as often stucco. Horizontal detail lines run across the upper facade, and an upper-story window wraps around the right corner. Glass blocks punctuate the curved left corner, while a glazed entrance door and broad windows occupy the lower facade. A lower volume on the right has a railed roof-level terrace.

1739

International

· p. 310

The illustration depicts an International-style house with an asymmetrical facade composed of rectangular building masses at different heights. Flat roofs are shown without coping, including a projecting cantilevered roof over the right-hand portion. Smooth, unadorned walls contain banks of windows identified as metal casements set flush with the exterior wall surface. An exterior stair and landing with horizontal railings occupy a recessed area beneath the upper story. The annotations describe architectural characteristics rather than identify inspection defects.

1740

Spanish Colonial

· p. 311

The illustration shows a rectangular, one-story Spanish Colonial house with a flat roof enclosed by parapet walls. Thick exterior walls are identified as adobe brick or stone covered with stucco, and roof-support timber ends are visible along the long wall. Projecting roof drains discharge through the exterior wall below the parapet. Multiple simple exterior doorways, a barred window, and divided-light windows illustrate characteristic openings. Annotations date the style to the 1600s through the late 1800s and explain that originally unglazed, shuttered and barred windows were updated later.

1741

Mission

· p. 311

The illustration shows the front elevation of a Mission-style home, identified with the late 1800s to early 1900s. A red clay tile roof has wide, open overhangs with exposed rafters and chimneys at both ends. The central shaped roof parapet contains a quatrefoil window above a paired rectangular window, while a similarly curved parapet caps the porch facade below. Smooth stucco walls, multiple arched porch openings, and large square supporting piers characterize the exterior. The facade shown is symmetrical, with a central entrance and steps flanked by multipane windows.

1742

Cape Cod

· p. 311

The illustration shows a compact Cape Cod house with a steep gable roof and a large central chimney. It is identified as 1-1/2 stories with no dormers and 1-1/2 rooms deep. A central front door is flanked by multi-pane windows, while the gable end has two lower windows and one upper window. Horizontal siding covers the walls, with an annotation identifying clapboard or shingle siding as typical. The drawing presents architectural characteristics rather than defects or installation practices.

1743

Saltbox

· p. 311

· p. 312

The cross section shows a masonry veneer exterior wall beside a wood stud wall and floor joist supported on a concrete foundation. Exterior soil extends above the weep hole at the base of the veneer. An arrow shows surface water entering at this below-grade opening, and an annotation indicates that air cannot get out. Another callout identifies wood framing that gets wet and rots. A large red prohibition symbol marks this arrangement as improper.

Exterior Cladding ·Masonryp. 313

1750

Siding too close to roof

· p. 313

The illustration shows a gabled dormer projecting from a shingled roof, with horizontal siding and a window on its front face. Metal step flashings run along the sloped intersection between the dormer sidewall and the main roof. The siding terminates too close to the roof shingles. An annotation specifies 1 inch of clearance, preferably 2 inches, between the siding and shingles to prevent water damage.

1751

Watch for planters or gardens against walls

· p. 313

The cross section shows a raised planter against a house with brick veneer, wood wall and floor framing, and a masonry foundation wall bordering a basement. The planter raises the soil above the adjacent topsoil level and places it against the brick veneer at the framing elevation. Watering and rain wet the planter soil, and arrows indicate water infiltration toward the house. Rot is identified at the wood framing, and spalling is identified near the top of the foundation wall.

1752

Insulation holes

· p. 313

The illustration shows a house with horizontal lap siding, a steep gable roof, windows, and a partially visible exterior door. Repeated small patched holes form regular rows across the gable-end siding, including above and below the windows. An arrow identifies one of these holes, and the annotation explains that this pattern usually indicates insulation added through the exterior wall surface. The notes also explain that plugged holes may occur only on some walls or portions of walls; no corresponding holes are illustrated on the adjacent wall.

1753

Veneer versus solid masonry

· p. 313

Two front elevations compare brick veneer and solid masonry walls around window openings. The veneer wall shows stretcher faces, a concealed lintel above the window, and weep holes near the base of the brickwork. The solid masonry wall shows header bricks interspersed with stretchers and a masonry arch over the window. Both walls have masonry window sills and rest on concrete bases. Annotations identify typical visible clues for distinguishing the two wall types rather than depicting defects.

1754

Parapet walls prone to damage

· p. 313

The illustration compares three brick parapet wall sections: an unprotected wall top, a wall with cap flashing, and a wall with coping. The unprotected wall is marked as the worst condition and shows irregular, damaged brick edges. Cap flashing and coping are identified as better protection, with projecting edges and capillary breaks that shed water away from the masonry. Arrows identify brick spalling and/or efflorescence, while water droplets illustrate runoff at the protected wall tops. The text explains that unheated parapets, brick railings, and freestanding walls are particularly susceptible to moisture-related efflorescence and freeze/thaw damage.

1755

Chimney deterioration due to condensation

· p. 313

A sectional drawing shows a brick chimney with a clay tile flue liner and a chimney cap. Condensation droplets appear along the liner, and nails support liner sections at a joint with visible gaps. Heavy arrows rise through the flue and turn outward through the gaps toward the masonry. The adjacent bricks are labeled as exhibiting spalling and/or efflorescence. The illustration emphasizes that even lined chimneys can suffer condensation-related brick damage, particularly where the liner has gaps.

1756

Rising damp

· p. 314

The illustration shows a section through a solid masonry exterior wall supported by a brick foundation, with floor framing extending inward and soil against the exterior below grade. Arrows show water penetrating the foundation from the damp soil and rising through the brickwork by capillary action. Above grade, arrows indicate moisture evaporating from the exterior face of the brick. A dashed outline identifies the evaporation area where efflorescence and masonry damage can often be found.

1757

Freezing water spalls bricks

· p. 314

Three cross-sectional diagrams show the progression of freeze-related spalling in brick masonry with mortar joints. In stage A, an ice lens develops near the exposed face of a saturated brick, with arrows indicating water moving toward it. In stage B, the ice lens absorbs more water and enlarges. In stage C, the brick's front face cracks off because of its low tensile strength. An annotation identifies freezing temperatures, saturated brick, and a susceptible brick type as necessary conditions, and notes particular susceptibility in bricks with a tough glazed finish and a soft permeable core.

1758

Repointing

· p. 314

Three cross-sectional views show a brick masonry mortar joint before and during repointing. The left view identifies a deteriorated mortar joint that allows water entry at the exposed face. Step A shows the joint raked out to a depth of 3/4 inch while retaining mortar farther back. Step B shows new mortar placed in the cleared portion of the joint.

1759

Rusting lintels

· p. 314

The illustration shows a brick masonry wall surrounding a paired, divided-light window with a projecting sill. Horizontal cracks run along the mortar joint immediately above the window opening and extend beyond its sides. An arrow points to the cracking, and the annotation attributes it to expansion of rusting steel lintels. The drawing illustrates masonry damage associated with corrosion of the window's steel support lintel.

1760

Toothed-in masonry on additions

· p. 314

The illustration compares two brick-clad additions attached to existing two-story masonry houses. The preferred detail shows the addition brickwork toothed into the existing masonry, creating an interlocking junction along alternating brick courses. The less-than-ideal detail shows a straight vertical junction where the addition brickwork is not toothed in. An annotation directs inspectors to look for settlement cracks at this junction. Both additions have low, nearly flat roofs, windows, and exposed masonry foundations.

1761

Common mortar joints

· p. 314

Four cross sections compare mortar joint profiles between brick courses: concave, V-joint, raked, and extruded. Dashed circles highlight the exposed edges of the mortar joints. The concave profile has a curved recess, the V-joint an angular recess, the raked joint a deep rectangular recess, and the extruded joint projects beyond the brick face. Arrows indicate greater durability toward the left and lower durability toward the right. A bracket groups the raked and extruded joints as undesirable for exterior brick walls because they tend to trap moisture that can cause brick damage.

1762

Mortar joints in brick walls

· p. 315

The illustration shows two brick walls with staggered mortar joints and alternative protective caps. The left wall is topped with metal cap flashing, while the right wall has segmented stone coping. An annotation specifies that mortar joints should average 3/8 to 1/2 inch, with individual joints not exceeding 3/4 inch. The joints between stone coping sections are identified as requiring good sealing.

1763

Weep holes - vented rain screen principle

· p. 315

The illustration pairs a perspective view of a brick veneer wall with a cross section through the veneer, framed wall, floor framing, and foundation. Weep holes at the base of the veneer admit air into the cavity to equalize pressure while allowing water to drain out. The section identifies high exterior air pressure, medium cavity pressure, and low interior pressure to explain the vented rain screen principle. Sheathing paper overlaps bottom flashing, which extends about 6 inches up the stud wall behind the paper and projects slightly beyond the foundation wall. Water droplets depict rain outside the veneer and drainage at the flashing outlet.

1764

Bowed brick veneer wall - older home

· p. 315

The cross section depicts an older home's brick veneer bowing outward away from the wood-framed wall. The veneer remains restrained at the top and bottom, with its greatest outward displacement near the second-floor level. Masonry ties are shown pulled out of the mortar bed, and an annotation notes that ties in older houses are often regular framing nails. Roof framing, first- and second-floor framing, and the supporting foundation establish the veneer’s relationship to the house structure. A large outward-pointing arrow emphasizes the direction of bowing.

1765

Brick veneer wall - masonry tie detail

· p. 315

The illustration shows a brick veneer wall outside a wood-framed wall, with an enlarged detail of a masonry veneer tie. Sheathing and sheathing paper separate the studs from an air space labeled as a minimum 1-inch gap behind the brick. A bent, corrugated metal tie extends from the framing side into a horizontal mortar joint in the veneer, and a note specifies that veneer ties are nailed into studs. A spacing table pairs maximum vertical and horizontal tie spacings of 16 and 32 inches, 20 and 24 inches, and 24 and 16 inches, respectively. The smaller overview shows the veneer and framed wall above a foundation beside floor framing.

1766

Lateral support for masonry walls

· p. 316

Two cross-sections illustrate lateral support of masonry walls using metal anchor straps connecting the walls to wood floor framing. For joists perpendicular to the wall, a strap embedded in mortar attaches to the bottom or side of a joist, with a 12- to 18-inch dimension indicated and usually every fourth joist strapped. For joists parallel to the wall, the strap attaches to the bottom or top of the joists and extends across three or four joists, with solid blocking identified as desirable at anchor locations. The parallel-joist detail specifies typical strap spacing of 4 to 8 feet along the wall. Both details identify typical straps as 1-1/2 inches wide by 3/16 inch thick, and a note states that strapping is usually required only at floor levels above the first floor.

1767

Bowing of masonry walls

· p. 316

The cross section shows a brick masonry wall extending from a masonry foundation to roof framing, with first- and second-floor framing on the interior side. The wall bows outward between its base and roof, away from a dashed vertical reference line. An outward-pointing arrow highlights the displacement near the second-floor level. The annotations attribute the bowing to a lack of lateral restraint at the second floor and note that this is more likely where floor joists run parallel to the wall.

1768

Stucco - three coat process

· p. 316

The cutaway illustrates a three-coat stucco assembly applied over a wood-framed exterior wall above a foundation wall. Wall sheathing is covered by waterproof building paper and metal lath, which supports the stucco coats. The scratch or base coat and brown coat are each labeled as typically 3/8 inch thick, while the finish coat is labeled as a minimum of 1/8 inch thick. A metal drip screed terminates the stucco assembly at its lower edge near the foundation. The adjacent floor framing and wall framing show how the cladding relates to the supporting structure.

1769

Stucco - two coat process

· p. 316

The illustration shows a two-coat stucco application over a brick masonry wall supported by a foundation wall, with floor framing on the interior side. Peeled-back layers reveal a scratch or base coat applied directly to the masonry and a finish coat over it. The base coat is labeled as a minimum of 3/8 inch thick, and the finish coat as a minimum of 1/4 inch thick. The drawing explicitly notes that building paper and lath are not required for this masonry-wall application.

Exterior Cladding ·Stuccop. 317

1770

Drip screed

· p. 317

The illustration shows a cutaway of a stucco-clad framed wall at its junction with floor framing and a foundation wall. The exposed wall layers include sheathing, backing layers, mesh reinforcement, and stucco, with a metal drip screed terminating the bottom of the cladding. The stucco termination is dimensioned 8 inches above grade. An inset shows alternative drip screed profiles. Notes advise watching for missing drip screeds and warn that their absence could lead to localized stucco damage.

1771

Stucco cracking

· p. 317

The illustration shows a two-story stucco-clad house with a gabled roof and a single-story addition. Cracks extend from several window corners in the main wall, illustrating stress concentrations associated with settlement. A vertical control joint is indicated at the junction between the main house and the addition as a means of controlling cracking in a high-stress area. An annotation notes that stucco over wood framing is generally more likely to crack than stucco over masonry or concrete.

1772

Tudor style stucco problems

· p. 317

The illustration shows a Tudor-style gable wall with stucco panels separated by vertical, horizontal, and diagonal wood half-timbering. A two-part window sits within the central timber-framed area, and part of a smaller masonry-faced gable overlaps the wall at the lower right. Arrows and dashed circles identify water-collection locations at stucco-to-wood interfaces above the window and at a lower diagonal-to-vertical timber junction. The annotation warns that water collecting at these locations can cause localized deterioration of both stucco and wood.

1773

Nail popping

· p. 317

Three wall cross-sections illustrate nail popping in a three-coat stucco assembly over wire lath and sheathing attached to framing lumber. The first section identifies the wall layers and a nail penetrating the framing. Stage A shows the framing lumber shrinking as it dries, leaving a gap between the stud and sheathing. Stage B shows force pushing the sheathing and stucco back against the stud while the nail remains projecting. The nail head breaks off a localized piece of stucco, shown falling away from the wall.

1774

Synthetic stucco (EIFS)

· p. 317

The illustration shows a cutaway of a synthetic stucco exterior insulation and finish system (EIFS). Expanded polystyrene foam insulation is fastened or adhered to wall sheathing, identified as plywood, OSB, or gypsum board. A fastener and washer are shown recessed into the foam insulation. Glass fiber reinforcing mesh is embedded in a base coat labeled 1/16 to 1/4 inch thick, with a textured finish coat forming the exterior surface. The peeled-back layers illustrate the assembly sequence rather than damage or a defect.

1775

EIFS installation details

· p. 317

The illustration shows a cutaway of an exterior insulation and finish system (EIFS), exposing foam insulation board, reinforcing mesh, base coat, and a textured exterior finish. Foam board joints are shown tight and flush, and a circular fastening washer is visible on the board face. Reinforcing mesh wraps around the exposed board end, with a callout requiring backwrapping at ends and openings. The base coat is shown thick enough to fully embed the mesh. At the adjacent trim, the drawing calls for carefully caulking all joints to the base coat.

1776

Kickout prevents siding/wall damage

· p. 318

The illustration shows a shingled roof meeting a stucco sidewall, with step flashing along the sloped roof-to-wall intersection. The stucco overlaps the upright flashing legs and is labeled as acting as counter flashing. A kickout at the bottom of the flashing diverts runoff outward at the roof edge, preventing water from getting behind the stucco. A heavy arrow traces water flow down the intersection and away from the wall beside the fascia; the gutter is explicitly not shown.

1776.2

EIFS - reinforcing mesh layout around window openings

· p. 318

The illustration shows a window opening in an exterior insulation and finish system (EIFS) wall with insulation boards laid around it. Reinforcing mesh extends around the window perimeter, with additional diagonal mesh patches at all four corners. A callout specifies that the reinforcing mesh and base coat should wrap around the insulation board at the opening. The drawing warns that cracking may occur if the corners of openings are not reinforced.

1776.4

EIFS - common problems at deck

· p. 318

The illustration shows cutaway views of common defects where a deck ledger and railing meet an exterior insulation and finish system (EIFS) wall. At the ledger, the reinforcing mesh and base coat are not backwrapped at the EIFS terminations, and flashings are missing. A separate view shows a ledger bolted through the EIFS cladding. At the rail connection, the railing is secured to the wall before the EIFS is installed, with the cladding terminating around the attachment.

1776.6

EIFS - window flashing detail: fully flashed

· p. 318

Two sectional details show fully flashed window head and sill intersections with an EIFS-clad wall. At the head, a secondary moisture barrier and drainage plane direct water to sheet metal flashing with a projecting drip edge; the annotation specifies end dams. At the sill, a two-piece pan flashing is shown with an interior air seal that should continue to the window jambs. Backer rod and sealant joints include designated drainage gaps, while other joints are identified as continuous seals or a sealant/thermal break. Both details mark a 3/4-inch minimum dimension at the projecting flashing, and the introductory notes explain that flashing routes leakage back outside to protect the wall assembly.

1776.8

EIFS - window flashing detail: simple

· p. 318

Two sectional details show EIFS terminations at a window head and window sill in an insulated framed wall. Both details specify reinforcing mesh and base coat backwrapped at least 4 inches and fasteners for wind resistance. At the head, a drip edge is cut into the insulation and shaped in both EIFS layers, with sealant at the window junction. At the sill, metal flashing fastened under the window slopes outward over the EIFS and turns down at its outer edge. Caulk is shown at the window-to-flashing junction, with sealant beneath the flashing edge.

1776.10

EIFS - penetration

· p. 318

The illustration shows a cutaway of an EIFS-clad wall with a wire passing through its exterior face. A corrosion-resistant sleeved metal grommet lines the penetration, with its flange seated against the exterior finish. The grommet fits snugly around the wire, and sealant surrounds the grommet flange. This depicts a properly detailed wire penetration through EIFS to limit water entry.

1776.12

EIFS - above grade termination

· p. 319

Two cutaway wall-to-foundation details illustrate wrapped and lapped above-grade terminations of exterior insulation and finish systems (EIFS). In the wrapped detail, reinforcing mesh and base coat wrap around the bottom edge of the insulation, leaving the foundation exposed below. In the lapped detail, the upper EIFS assembly overlaps a thinner EIFS application directly on the foundation. Both details specify termination above grade according to local building code and show the adjacent grade sloping away from the wall.

1776.14

EIFS - flashings around decks

· p. 319

An exploded cutaway shows flashing at the intersection of a deck and an exterior insulation and finish system (EIFS) wall. A deck board rests on a header joist, with upper, intermediate, and lower flashings arranged behind and around the deck-to-wall connection. The lower flashing is specified to be set in a bed of sealant. Cutaway EIFS sections above and below the deck expose the insulation board, reinforcing mesh embedded in the base coat, and finish coat. Extra reinforcing mesh wraps the insulation edges at both terminations.

1776.16

EIFS - light fixture detailing

· p. 319

A cutaway exterior wall shows a light fixture installed through an exterior insulation and finish system (EIFS). The exposed layers illustrate the finish coat, base coat and reinforcing mesh, insulation, and wall backing. The base coat and reinforcing mesh wrap around the fixture penetration, and the electrical box is attached to the wall sheathing and/or studs. Closed cell backer rod and sealant surround the penetration, while the fixture is sealed to the EIFS finish coat. The illustration depicts proper attachment and sealing of a light fixture at an EIFS wall.

1776.18

EIFS - hosebib or railing attachment detail

· p. 319

The cutaway shows an exterior insulation and finish system (EIFS) wall with a projecting mounted object secured at a wood blocking detail. The blocking occupies an opening in the EIFS, with sealant and backer rod specified around its perimeter. The base coat and reinforcing mesh wrap around the exposed EIFS edges, and the sealant adheres to the base coat. Annotations specify painted or fully flashed wood blocking and call for decay and corrosion resistance.

1776.20

EIFS - drainage layer options

· p. 319

Five cutaway wall assemblies illustrate drainage layer options behind exterior insulation and finish systems (EIFS). The options shown are geotextile drainage material, insulation panels with notched trowel-applied adhesive, mineral fiber insulation boards, panels with chamfered corners, and panels with vertical grooves. Arrows indicate drainage paths behind the insulation, with callouts identifying horizontal and vertical drainage at chamfers and vertical drainage through grooves. Each assembly shows the backing wall, insulation, reinforcing mesh, and partially cut-away exterior coating layers. The illustration presents alternative drainage configurations without identifying a defective installation.

1776.22

EIFS - ideal caulking configurations

· p. 319

The illustration shows cutaway EIFS wall terminations with a two-stage caulk joint on the left and a single-stage caulk joint on the right. The cutaways expose insulation board, reinforcing mesh, base coat, and finish coat. Mesh and base coat backwrap the EIFS at ends and openings. The caulking bonds to the base coat behind the finish coat, with caulk and backer rod identified in the two-stage detail. Both details are presented as ideal caulking configurations.

1777

Exterior inspection strategy for EIFS

· p. 320

The illustration identifies inspection priorities for exterior insulation and finish systems (EIFS) using a roof-to-wall detail, a deck connection view, and an overview of a clad house. The roof detail shows step flashing and a gutter end, with missing kickout flashing allowing water behind the stucco at the bottom of the flashing. The deck view highlights rain exposure, past repairs, railing and deck attachments, and wall openings. The house overview marks chimneys, near-horizontal surfaces, limited roof overhang, and door and window openings as areas to examine. It also calls attention to cracks, bulges, peeling, fungus, and exposed reinforcing mesh in the cladding.

1778

Interior inspection strategy for EIFS

· p. 320

· p. 322

· p. 323

· p. 324

· p. 326

· p. 327

· p. 328

The illustration shows a gable-roof dormer projecting through a shingled sloping roof. Individual step flashings are interwoven with the roof shingles along the dormer sidewall. Apron flashing runs across the base of the dormer front, beneath the window and trim, and extends onto the roof below. A labeled flashing extension continues beside the lower sidewall and front corner. The detail is presented as a high-quality dormer flashing installation.

Exterior Structures ·Porches, Decks and Balconiesp. 329

1820.6

Missing kickout flashing

· p. 329

The illustration shows a sloped shingle roof terminating against a wall that continues past the roof edge. Portions of the lower shingles and siding are omitted to expose the wall sheathing paper or house wrap, eave protection, drip edge, and gutter. Blue arrows trace runoff down the roof and along the roof-to-wall intersection. With kickout flashing missing at the lower end of this intersection, water gets behind the siding rather than being diverted away from the wall into the gutter. A blue area below the intersection identifies typical resulting wall damage.

1821

Macro approach

· p. 329

The illustration shows a front elevation of a two-story house with a gable roof, brick chimney, and covered front porch. Macro-level callouts identify the leaning house and a settled porch column, emphasizing conditions visible when viewing the building from a distance. A micro-level callout points to localized rot at an upper-story window sill. The porch includes columns, railings, lattice skirting, masonry supports, and entrance steps. The drawing contrasts an overall assessment of building alignment and settlement with examination of an individual deteriorated component.

1822

Porches

· p. 329

The illustration shows a side view of a roofed porch attached to a brick house. A column on a brick pier supports the outer edge of the sloping porch roof, while the house wall forms the opposite side. The raised porch has a balustrade, access stairs with a railing, and a lattice skirt below the floor. Annotations explain that the roof protects closely fitted or tongue-and-groove floorboards and that the floor slopes slightly to drain water off the porch. The porch space is described as large enough to accommodate some furniture.

1823

Decks

· p. 329

The illustration shows an uncovered wood deck raised above grade beside a house, with access through an exterior door. Spaced deck boards allow rainwater to pass through the flooring. Guardrails with closely spaced vertical balusters surround the exposed deck edges, and a stairway with a railing descends to grade. Vertical posts rest on circular bases, and an annotation identifies posts and/or the house wall or foundation as deck supports. No specific defect is depicted.

1824

Balconies

· p. 329

The illustration compares four balcony support arrangements: columns and the house wall, tension members shown as chains, brackets or consoles, and a cantilever. Each balcony has an elevated platform, perimeter guards with vertical balusters, and a glazed access door at the house side. The column-supported example has two tall posts bearing on small circular bases, while the bracket-supported example shows a diagonal brace beneath the platform. The chain-supported example hangs from inclined tension members, and the cantilevered example has no visible outer supports. The annotation identifies the lack of steps and access to grade level as the defining feature of balconies; no defects are indicated.

1825

Garages versus carports

· p. 329

The illustration compares an enclosed garage with an open-sided carport. The garage has four walls, a roof, a sectional vehicle door, and a separate pedestrian door labeled "man door." The carport has a roof supported by posts and perimeter beams, with the posts resting on individual round bases. Annotations distinguish the carport by its fewer walls, lack of a vehicle door, and floor that is usually the same material as the driveway. The text also notes that a carport may be freestanding or attached to a house.

1826

Basement walkout

· p. 330

The illustration shows an exterior stairwell descending alongside a house foundation to a basement entrance door. Dashed lines outline the below-grade stair flight, stairwell enclosure, and bottom landing. A guard with closely spaced vertical balusters surrounds the exposed stairwell edge, and a sloping handrail follows the stairs along the foundation wall. A small circular opening is shown in the bottom landing, consistent with a stairwell drain. The house above has vertical wall siding, windows, and a gable with horizontal siding.

1827

Support for concrete steps

· p. 330

Four side-view sections illustrate alternative methods of supporting exterior concrete steps next to a building foundation. The floating steps rest directly on the ground without a separate foundation shown. A continuous foundation and spread footing support the steps in the upper-right example. The lower-left example uses a triangular cantilever support attached to the building foundation. The lower-right example shows the steps supported on a separate pier with a spread footing.

1828

Rise, tread depth (run) and nosing

· p. 330

The illustration shows a perspective view of a stair flight with solid risers and projecting tread nosings. Dimension arrows identify the vertical rise between adjacent treads and the horizontal tread depth, or run. A callout identifies the nosing projection as typically 1 inch. Additional annotations give a maximum rise of roughly 8 inches and minimum tread depths of 10 inches for the US and 8-1/4 inches for Canada. No specific defect is depicted.

1829

Landings

· p. 330

The illustration shows two exterior entrance stair arrangements beside a building. The larger stairway has a level landing at the entrance door, with guards around the open landing edges and a handrail along the stairs. An annotation specifies a minimum landing size of 3 feet by 3 feet in front of an entrance door. The smaller stairway leads directly to a secondary entrance without a separate landing or railing. Its annotation notes that some areas do not require a landing at secondary entrances served by stairs with three or fewer risers.

1830

Settled or heaved steps

· p. 330

Two diagrams depict settlement of exterior entrance steps beside a glazed door. On the left, the steps and landing have settled together, leaving the treads and landing out of level and a separation gap wider at the top against the building. On the right, the steps have settled away from a landing supported on brick masonry, leaving sloping treads and a gap at the landing junction. Callouts identify nonuniform riser heights, and downward arrows indicate settlement in both examples.

1831

Rot in wood stairs

· p. 330

The illustration shows an exterior wood stair assembly with four treads supported between two inclined stringers and open spaces between the treads. A cutaway at the lower left stringer exposes a tread cutout, with dashed lines highlighting the cutout and the stringer bottom. The annotation identifies these locations as particularly susceptible to rot: exposed end grain at the stringer bottom absorbs moisture, while tread cutouts can trap water. The drawing emphasizes where to inspect for decay rather than showing detailed decay texture.

1832

Designing steps that aren't springy

· p. 331

The illustration compares wood stairs with continuous risers to open-riser stairs, showing construction dimensions intended to limit springiness. On the left, continuous risers support the fronts of the treads, which are labeled as 1 inch thick. On the right, the tread fronts have no riser support, and the treads are labeled as 1-1/2 inches thick. A tread is shown in dashed outline to expose the notched stringers, with minimum dimensions of 3-1/2 inches at the remaining stringer depth and 9-1/2 inches across the overall stringer depth. The stringer thickness is labeled as 1-1/2 inches.

1833

Handrails and guards

· p. 331

The illustration shows an elevated wood deck attached to a house, with an exterior stair descending to grade. Guards with closely spaced vertical balusters surround the exposed deck edges, and a sloping railing follows one side of the stairs. Posts support the deck and stair railing, with visible round concrete footings beneath two posts. An annotation measures deck height above grade and states guard requirements at heights greater than 30 inches, or 24 inches in Canada. Another annotation states that a handrail is required if there are more than three risers.

1834

Handrail design

· p. 331

The illustration shows exterior entrance stairs and a landing with an open-sided railing and a separate wall-mounted handrail. Section A-A details a round handrail supported away from the wall by a bent bracket. The detail indicates a typical minimum wall clearance of 1¼ inches and a handrail width of 1¼ to 2 inches. An annotation specifies that the top of the handrail should be easy to grip, with a tube or oval profile. The wall-mounted rail has curved ends, while the outer railing follows the stair slope and continues around the landing.

1835

Spindle spacing

· p. 331

The illustration shows a raised wood deck with a guard consisting of vertical spindles, an upper rail, and a lower framing member. A 4-inch-diameter sphere demonstrates that the openings between spindles should be small enough to prevent the sphere from passing through the guard. Deck boards, a support post on a round footing, and part of the deck stairs are also visible. An inset front view shows short horizontal pieces between the spindles and warns against details that make the guard easier to climb.

1836

Handrails or guards too low

· p. 331

The illustration shows an exterior stair and deck beside a brick wall, with a separate elevated balcony or deck guard above. The stair handrail height H is measured vertically from the line through the stair nosings to the sloping handrail. An annotation gives a typical handrail height of 34 to 38 inches, with 31 to 38 inches stated for Canada. The lower deck guard is labeled 36 inches, while the upper guard is dimensioned 42 inches for a balcony or deck more than 6 feet above grade in Canada. Although the title identifies insufficient railing height as the inspection concern, the drawing presents height references rather than explicitly dimensioning an undersized railing.

1837

Common column materials

· p. 331

The illustration shows a side view of a roofed porch adjoining a brick house, with stairs, balustrades, and lattice beneath the porch deck. A tapered column supports the outer edge of the porch roof and rests on a capped brick pier. Section A-A identifies the column cross-section location, with separate diagrams illustrating common column materials and configurations. These include hollow wood greater than 6 inches in diameter, solid wood less than 6 inches in diameter, wood surrounding a steel column, masonry, and hollow metal. No defects or improper installation practices are identified.

1838

Column hinge point

· p. 332

The side-view illustration shows a porch roof supported at its outer edge by an upper post bearing on a capped brick masonry column. The junction between the dissimilar materials is marked as a natural hinge point. A dashed plumb line shows the masonry column leaning outward, while the upper post slopes back toward the roof support. An outward-pointing arrow indicates how the eccentric roof load tends to push the top of the masonry column away from the house. Porch stairs, railings, lattice skirting, and the adjoining brick house wall and foundation provide context.

1839

Beams

· p. 332

The illustration shows a deck framing assembly with deckboards resting on joists supported by a horizontal beam. Downward arrows indicate loads passing through the decking and joists to the beam. The beam spans between two columns, which bear on footings shown extending below grade with dashed outlines. An annotation explains that beams transfer loads from the joists to columns or walls. No defects or improper practices are identified.

1840

Inspecting for beam sag

· p. 332

The illustration shows a wood beam supported by two columns on individual bases, in side and perspective views. In the side view, a carpenter's level is held against the underside near midspan, and several framing members extend above the beam. The annotation explains that beam sag can be difficult to detect from the side, even with a level. The perspective view emphasizes the curved bottom edge and illustrates sighting along that edge to better identify sag between supports.

1841

Poor end support

· p. 332

A built-up wooden beam rests on a column and extends into a pocket in a concrete foundation wall. The drawing identifies a minimum end-bearing length of 3-1/2 inches at the wall. An annotation calls for air space around the beam end to promote circulation and reduce the likelihood of rot. A probing tool is shown at the beam near the wall pocket, indicating where to check for decay. The illustration highlights inspection concerns at beam end supports without showing a confirmed bearing deficiency or visible rot.

1842

Beam rotation (twisting)

· p. 332

The illustration shows a built-up wood beam supporting joists and bearing on a concrete column. The beam is rotated out of square, with curved arrows indicating twisting. Its tilted position concentrates contact at the joists above and the column below rather than providing broad bearing surfaces. An annotation warns that this point bearing can lead to localized crushing and advises keeping beams relatively square and level.

1843

Joist support

· p. 332

Four perspective details illustrate methods of supporting wood joists. The upper details show joists bearing on a ledger board and on top of a beam. The lower details show joists attached to the side of a beam or ledger board with metal joist hangers, and a floor joist embedded in a masonry wall. An annotation specifies that end bearing must be at least 1-1/2 inches regardless of the type of joist support used.

1844

Porch floor sag

· p. 333

The illustration shows a partially exposed wood porch floor beside a house entrance, with tongue-and-groove floor boards installed perpendicular to the house for outward drainage. The exposed joists run parallel to the house and span between end supports, with a beam and brick porch columns shown. An annotation identifies the long joist span associated with this floor-board orientation. A makeshift intermediate support has been added beneath the joists after they sagged. The porch roof and its supports are explicitly omitted.

1845

Securing ledgerboards

· p. 333

The illustration shows a wood deck attached to a building with a ledgerboard along the exterior wall. Part of the decking is cut away to expose the ledgerboard, lag bolts, and joists extending outward from the building. An annotation specifies securing the ledgerboard with lag bolts every 16 to 24 inches, with repeated dimension arrows indicating this spacing along the wall. Deck boards cover the remaining framing, and the outer deck edge is supported by wood posts on round concrete supports. A doorway opens onto the deck.

1846

Ledgerboard flashing

· p. 333

The illustration shows a wood deck attached to an exterior wall by a ledgerboard secured with lag bolts. Cutaway siding and deck boards expose the flashing, ledgerboard, and deck joists. Flashing extends up behind the siding and over the top of the ledgerboard, with its outer edge turned down over the ledger face. An enlarged inset uses a water-flow arrow to show water being directed over the flashing and away from the ledgerboard's top. Deck boards span the joists, and posts on circular footings support the outer deck framing.

1847

Cantilevered decks

· p. 333

The illustration shows a wood cantilevered deck projecting from a masonry-clad exterior wall outside a door. Part of the decking is omitted to expose the supporting joists extending through the wall, with no exterior support posts shown. A wood guard with vertical balusters encloses the visible outer edges. A dashed circle highlights the joist penetrations at the wall, where annotations identify susceptibility to rot and potential water entry into the house.

1848

Canvas duck

· p. 333

The illustration shows a canvas-duck covering over a wood porch or deck floor beside brick masonry. Cutaway layers expose floor boards, identified as often tongue-and-groove 1x4s, supported by joists. The canvas is laid in a bed of paint or linseed oil and lead, using 30- to 36-inch-wide strips with 2-inch overlaps, and painted after installation. An arrow indicates the drainage slope across the lapped covering. A partially shown brick porch column stands at the outer edge.

1849

Deck board installation details

· p. 333

The illustration compares two wood deck board installation details, with an inset locating the decking on an exterior deck. The better detail shows boards installed crown up, with nails driven flush and set away from board edges. A double-joist arrangement allows the board end joint to drain freely. The less desirable detail shows a crown-down board cupping and collecting water, along with a board end joint that retains water over its support. Overdriven nails placed too close to board edges are shown damaging the decking.

Exterior Structures ·Garages and Carportsp. 334

1850

Sagging deck or porch boards

· p. 334

Four cross sections compare deck or porch board thickness and joist spacing. Green check marks identify straight 2-inch boards over joists spaced 24 inches apart and straight 1-inch boards over joists spaced 16 inches apart. A red X marks 1-inch boards spanning 24 inches, with uniform sagging between joists and an annotation identifying the floor boards as too thin. Another red X marks 2-inch boards spanning more than 24 inches, also sagging uniformly between supports and identified as overspanned.

1851

Threshold

· p. 334

The illustration shows an exterior house door opening onto a raised wood deck with stairs and guardrails. A magnified detail shows the door threshold elevated 6 inches above the adjacent deck surface. The annotations recommend this step up from decks and porches to reduce the chance of water or snow entering beneath the door. The threshold spans the doorway at the base of the door and projects beyond the exterior wall surface.

1852

Hinged pillars affect roof structure

· p. 334

The side-view illustration shows a porch roof supported by a column seated on a tall brick pillar beside the house wall. The junction between the dissimilar support materials is identified as a natural hinge point. The brick pillar leans outward relative to a dashed plumb line, while the upper column tilts at its connection to the pillar cap. Arrows indicate outward movement of the pillar and downward movement of the roof support. At the house wall, the porch roof and flashing are shown pulling away from the masonry.

1853

Skirting

· p. 334

The illustration compares proper and improper skirting beneath an elevated porch. The main side view shows skirting between a brick column and the house wall, with screened ventilation and a hinged access door. A curb separates the wood skirting from the soil, and stairs and a balustrade serve the porch above. An inset shows defective skirting with missing paint or stain, wood-to-soil contact, and rot or insect damage. The inset also identifies the lack of access and ventilation as improper conditions.

1854

Garages versus carports

· p. 334

The illustration compares an enclosed garage with an open-sided carport. The garage has a pitched roof, perimeter walls, a sectional vehicle door, and a separate pedestrian door labeled "man door." The carport has a roof supported by exposed posts and perimeter beams, with the posts resting on individual circular bases. Annotations explain that garages have four walls and vehicle doors, while carports have fewer walls, often only posts, and no vehicle door. The carport notes also state that its floor is usually the same material as the driveway and that it may be freestanding or attached to a house.

1855

Fire and gas proofing in attached garages

· p. 334

The illustration shows an attached garage interior with floor framing for living space above and a sectional garage door at the far end. A dashed vertical line divides a comparison of United States fire proofing and Canadian gas proofing. The United States side calls for Type X fire-rated drywall with taped joints on walls and ceilings common with living space, and identifies drywall on both sides of the wall assembly. The Canadian side identifies two coats of plaster or standard drywall with all joints taped on walls and ceilings common with living space.

1856

Heating ductwork in garages

· p. 335

The illustration compares exposed and covered heating ductwork running overhead in a garage. The exposed ductwork, identified as less common, has joints and gaps that should be sealed. A red prohibition symbol over a register emphasizes that there should be no supply or return registers in the garage. The more common covered arrangement shows a duct surrounded by insulation and enclosed with framework and drywall.

1857

Door between garage and house (attached garage)

· p. 335

The illustration shows a door in the separating wall between an attached garage and the house interior. Green check marks identify an exterior-type door, noted as fire rated in some areas, with a self closer at the top. Arrows indicate that the door should be tight fitting and weatherstripped. The house floor is shown with a labeled 6-inch step up from the garage floor. The interior space reached through the door is explicitly labeled as not a bedroom.

1858

Combustible insulation in garages

· p. 335

The illustration presents a split comparison of a garage interior with exposed plastic insulation on the left and corrected conditions on the right. A red X identifies exposed insulation on the garage door, walls, and ceiling as improper. The right half, marked with a green check, shows wall and ceiling insulation covered with noncombustible material identified as drywall. An arrow at the garage door directs removal of its plastic insulation, while arrows at the wall and ceiling direct covering the insulation.

1859

Structural garage floor

· p. 335

The cross section shows a car on a suspended reinforced-concrete garage floor spanning foundation walls above a basement. Downward arrows illustrate vehicle weight applied through four tire point loads, with the car labeled as weighing 4000 pounds or more. Reinforcing rods are shown near the underside of the slab. The surrounding assembly includes foundation walls, footings, a basement floor, granular base, and perimeter drainage pipes. Annotations warn that road salt dripping from vehicles can corrode and weaken the steel reinforcement, although no actual deterioration is drawn.

1860

Poor garage floor drainage

· p. 335

A front-view section of a garage shows a concrete floor slab supported on gravel and soil between foundation walls with footings and wood wall framing above. Backfill settlement beneath the right side has allowed a portion of the slab to drop and slope toward the foundation wall. A water-flow arrow shows drainage toward this low area beside the wall rather than away from it. Spalling is depicted on the foundation near slab level, and the annotation links this damage to salty water accumulating against the wall because of improper slab slope.

1861

Slab is partly on disturbed soil

· p. 335

A front-view section of a garage shows a concrete floor slab on gravel between foundation walls and footings supporting wall framing. Beneath the slab, a central mound of undisturbed soil is flanked by thicker backfill near the foundations. Downward arrows indicate backfill settlement, and cracks mark where the slab's outer portions settle relative to its center. A dashed excavation profile illustrates the annotated construction solution: excavate the central mound to at least 3 feet below the slab.

1862

Mud jacking (pressure grouting)

· p. 336

The illustration shows a front-view section through a garage floor slab between foundation walls and footings, with wall framing above. Gravel and backfill beneath the slab have settled near the foundation walls, leaving voids under the slab. A hammer illustrates sounding the slab to detect hollow spots; the annotation also identifies heavy chains as a detection method. At the right, an injection arrow illustrates mud jacking, with concrete injected through a series of 1-1/2-inch holes to fill the void beneath the slab.

1862.5

Garages framed at grade are vulnerable to rot

· p. 336

The illustration compares two garage wall framing arrangements relative to exterior grade. On the left, wood studs and a bottom plate rest on a low concrete foundation at approximately grade level, marked with a red X to indicate vulnerability to rot. On the right, a taller concrete foundation wall elevates the wood framing above exterior grade, marked with a green check. An annotation specifies that wall framing should start on the foundation wall at a minimum of 6 to 10 inches above grade.

1863

Drains for below-grade garages

· p. 336

The cross section depicts a below-grade garage beneath a house, with a grated drain at the junction of the garage floor and the sloping driveway. Arrows show drainage toward the inlet from both the garage floor and driveway, and an outlet pipe is labeled as draining to the storm sewer. The drawing notes that the drain ideally extends the full garage width and that drainage tile and the garage door are not shown. An enlarged detail illustrates a common failure condition in which the drain heaves or the driveway settles, leaving water ponding beside the elevated grate.

1864

Drain pipe should face down

· p. 336

Two cross-sectional drawings compare outlet arrangements in grated garage/driveway catch basins. The left basin has a straight outlet pipe at the water surface, allowing floating debris to enter and clog the outlet; only drops discharge from the pipe. The right basin has a downward-facing elbow with its opening below the floating debris layer, reducing the likelihood of blockage and allowing water to discharge. Both basins are shown with concrete walls and top grates, with an annotation advising checks for grates to reduce debris entry. The illustration specifies a minimum outlet pipe diameter of 3 inches.

1865

Garage door types

· p. 336

The illustration depicts four types of residential garage vehicle doors. A central garage has a one-piece solid overhead door shown partially tilted outward, with a curved arrow indicating its opening motion. A lower-left detail shows a sectional overhead door made of horizontal panels, with an arrow indicating vertical movement. The upper-right detail shows paired hinged doors, one swung outward, while the lower-right detail shows sliding door panels with a horizontal movement arrow. The figure identifies operating configurations rather than defects or installation practices.

1866

Garage door conditions

· p. 336

Two garage illustrations show common conditions affecting sectional garage doors. The paneled wooden door on the left depicts racking, with opposing vertical arrows and gaps around the door opening. An annotation calls for checking for rot at the door base and around the wood panels. The metal door on the right depicts middle sag, gaps, and possible buckling of the panels. A shared callout instructs the inspector to ensure that the weatherstripping is intact.

1867

Automatic garage door openers

· p. 337

The illustration shows a cross section of an automatic sectional garage door opener beneath floor framing, with living space above the garage. A motor and light assembly connects to a horizontal opener track, with a traveling car linked to the door by an arm. A manual-release cord hangs from the car, and the sectional door follows a curved track from vertical to overhead. Two enlarged details compare chain-drive and screw-drive mechanisms: one moves the car with a chain, while the other uses a threaded shaft. No installation defect is identified.

1868

Manual operation of automatic garage door openers

· p. 337

A cross section shows an automatic garage door opener mounted beneath floor framing, with its drive rail and connecting arm extending to the garage door. An enlarged detail shows the chain, car, arm, and release key that allow the drive to be disengaged for manual door operation. Where the garage has a pedestrian entry door, the manual release cord is pulled from inside. Where there is no pedestrian entry door, the illustration shows a keyed release accessible from outside.

1869

Check electrical connection

· p. 337

A cross section of an attached garage shows an automatic garage door opener mounted beneath the floor framing of the house above. The opener's rail and connecting arm operate a sectional overhead door riding in curved tracks, with a release cord hanging below the rail. An extension cord runs from a wall receptacle to the opener, and a red prohibition symbol marks the cord connection as improper. The annotations state that extension cords cannot be used for automatic garage door openers in many areas and that a receptacle must be provided near the opener, with a GFI outlet required in some jurisdictions.

1870

Testing automatic reverse

· p. 337

A cross section shows an automatic sectional garage door and ceiling-mounted opener beneath the floor framing of a house. The opener rail and connecting arm operate the door along its curved track, and a downward arrow indicates closing travel. A 2-inch block is positioned on the garage floor beneath the midpoint of the door to test contact-triggered automatic reversal. The annotations state that the door should stop after hitting the block and then reverse to the fully open position; they also note that some people substitute a roll of toilet paper or paper towel. No failed reversal or damaged component is depicted.

1871

Check photo-eye

· p. 337

The illustration shows a partially closed sectional garage door with a downward arrow indicating closing movement. A photo-eye is mounted near the base of the door opening, with a indicated mounting height of 4–6 inches. Dashed lines represent the light beam extending across the opening. The annotation instructs the inspector to interrupt the beam while the door is closing; the door should stop immediately and automatically reverse to the open position.

1872

Water heaters in garages

· p. 337

· p. 338

· p. 340

The illustration shows an excavated area beside a house foundation, exposing exterior dampproofing, a drainage layer, and drainage tile at the base of the wall. A cutaway reveals the drainage material over the black dampproofing coating, with gravel surrounding part of the drainage tile. An inset cross section shows soil separated from the foundation by drainage material, with an arrow indicating downward water movement. The assembly illustrates foundation moisture management without depicting a specific defect.

Surface Water Control And Landscaping ·Gutters and Downspoutsp. 341

1891

Catch basins - drain pipe should face down

· p. 341

Two cross-sections compare catch basin outlet configurations beneath surface grates. The left basin has a straight outlet pipe at the water surface, where floating debris enters and clogs the outlet, restricting discharge. The right basin has a downward-facing outlet elbow with its intake below the floating debris layer, allowing water to discharge with less likelihood of clogging. Annotations recommend checking for grates to reduce debris entry and specify a minimum pipe diameter of 3 inches.

1892

Water penetration due to subgrade soil conditions

· p. 341

The illustration shows a section through a house foundation, basement, and adjacent soil, with a downspout discharging onto ground that slopes away from the building. A porous soil layer overlies an impervious layer that slopes toward the foundation. A water-flow arrow traces downspout discharge percolating through the porous soil and moving toward and through the foundation wall. Wall and floor framing are shown above the foundation, with perimeter drainage tile beside the footing. The diagram illustrates how subsurface soil conditions can direct water into a basement despite apparently appropriate surface grading.

1893

Interior flat roof drains

· p. 341

The illustration shows a rectangular building with a flat roof enclosed by parapet walls. Roof planes converge toward a centrally located interior roof drain. Large arrows indicate drainage toward the drain from surrounding roof areas. The drawing explains the use of interior drains on roofs bounded by parapets; no interior piping or drainage defects are shown.

1894

Integral gutter

· p. 341

The illustration shows a cross section of an integral gutter built into the eave of a sloping shingle roof. The gutter lining extends down from the roof edge and across a recessed trough behind the fascia. Roof rafters, a ceiling joist, and a wall stud with wall sheathing show how the gutter relates to the surrounding wood framing. A marked area beneath the gutter illustrates the warning that gutter leakage can damage structural components.

1895

Yankee gutter

· p. 341

The illustration shows a Yankee gutter installed on a shingled roof above the eave, using a top view, an eave cross section, and an enlarged detail. The detail shows a sheet-metal gutter profile extending beneath the shingles and turning upward to intercept runoff on the roof slope. Arrows in the top view show water flowing down the shingles and then laterally along the gutter. A dashed outline identifies the roof area immediately upslope of the gutter as prone to ice damming, moss growth, and shingle wear. The cross section also shows the roof rafter, roof sheathing, ceiling joist, wall framing, wall sheathing, and soffit.

1896

Identifying aluminum and galvanized steel gutters

· p. 341

The illustration compares cross sections of aluminum and galvanized steel gutters. The aluminum gutter has a more angular bottom-to-front transition and is identified by a silvery interior that does not rust and can be scratched with a screwdriver. Its exterior is labeled as a baked enamel finish that does not peel. The galvanized steel gutter has a more rounded lower front profile, a dull grey interior described as often rusty, and a painted exterior that may peel. These are material-identification comparisons rather than examples of proper and improper installation.

1897

Excess shingle overhang

· p. 342

The illustration shows a cross section of a roof eave and exterior wall, with an enlarged detail of the shingle edge and gutter. The section identifies the roof rafter, ceiling joist, wall stud, and wall sheathing. In the enlarged detail, the shingles extend excessively beyond the roof edge over the gutter, marked with a red X. Water running off the extended shingles overshoots the gutter's outer rim rather than being collected. A dimension annotation specifies a 1-inch maximum projection.

1898

Gutters - common reasons for leakage

· p. 342

An oblique view of a house shows gutters along the roof eaves and downspouts descending at exterior corners. Dashed circles and arrows identify common gutter leakage locations and conditions, including changes in direction, downspout connections, and leaking seams. Other callouts identify improper gutter slope, clogging, and loose gutters. Rust perforations are specifically associated with galvanized gutters.

1900

Gutter attachment methods

· p. 342

The illustration shows an open gutter mounted along a fascia board in front of exposed rafter ends. Three attachment methods are depicted: an exposed bracket and strap, a spike with a ferrule, and a concealed bracket. The ferrule spans the gutter to support the spike attachment, and an annotation specifies that spikes should be driven into rafter ends. The concealed bracket fits inside the gutter and connects it to the fascia. Roof sheathing and shingles are explicitly omitted to reveal the attachment details.

1899

Repairing an integral gutter

· p. 342

A cross section shows an integral gutter built into the eave of a sloped shingle roof. The gutter sits above the projecting ceiling joist, beside the roof rafter and exterior wall framing. The original gutter lining, identified as typically sheet metal, follows the recessed gutter channel. A separate single-ply membrane liner is shown above the channel with a downward arrow indicating placement over the existing lining. The annotation describes this as a repair for an original lining deteriorated by rust or leaking seams and allows single- or double-ply roofing material.

1901

Screens on gutters

· p. 342

The illustration shows a screened eaves gutter below a sloped shingle roof, with wood framing exposed at the cutaway. Mesh screening spans the gutter opening, but a section has sagged or fallen into the trough. The annotation warns that fallen screens can cause gutters to clog faster than gutters with no screens. No downspout is visible.

1902

Gutter and downspout installation

· p. 342

The illustration shows an eaves gutter along a sloped roof, connected to a downspout running down the exterior wall. Callouts specify securing the gutter every 2 to 3 feet and providing a proper gutter slope of 1 in 200. The downspout turns outward near the base of the wall and connects to an extension that discharges away from the building. A dimension indicates a minimum discharge distance of 6 feet from the wall. This depicts proper gutter support, drainage slope, and downspout discharge placement.

1903

No downspout on secondary roof

· p. 343

The illustration shows a gabled dormer projecting from a larger shingled roof. A gutter along the dormer roof eave is open at its end and has no downspout. Water discharges from this gutter directly onto the main roof, with a highlighted flow path and arrow showing runoff traveling downslope. The annotation identifies localized discoloration and premature wear as potential consequences of this concentrated roof runoff.

1904

Downspout running across roof

· p. 343

The illustration shows a gabled dormer projecting from a larger shingled roof. A gutter along the dormer eave has a labeled end cap and connects to a downspout running down the main roof slope toward the gutter below. Exposed valley flashing is visible where the dormer roof meets the main roof. The annotation recommends carrying runoff from the secondary roof to the main gutter through a downspout to prevent localized roof wear.

1906

Downspouts - common leakage areas

· p. 343

The illustration shows an eaves gutter connected to a downspout on the exterior of a house with vertical siding and windows. The downspout descends along the wall and turns through a lower elbow into an extension that discharges away from the building. Dashed circles and arrows identify leaking elbows and seams near the gutter connection, a split along the back seam of the vertical downspout, and a clog at the lower elbow. Staining or efflorescence is indicated on the exposed foundation wall beside the lower downspout.

1905

No downspouts on small roofs

· p. 343

The illustration shows a small sloped roof covering an entrance porch, with a gutter along its lower edge. A short outlet elbow at the gutter end is highlighted as an alternative to a full-height downspout. The annotations state that this arrangement is acceptable provided it does not cause excessive erosion. A full-height downspout route is also illustrated beside the porch post, discharging onto a concrete splash block with an arrow indicating flow away from the porch.

1907

Downspouts - proper connection of sections

· p. 343

The illustration shows a flat-roofed building with parapet walls and an exterior downspout discharging through an elbow and angled extension near grade. Arrows on the roof indicate drainage toward openings at the roof perimeter. An enlarged detail shows how the vertical downspout, elbow, and downstream extension overlap. Upstream sections fit inside lower sections so water flows through the joints in the direction of the overlap rather than into an exposed upstream-facing seam.

1908

35 feet per downspout

· p. 343

The illustration shows an eaves gutter along a sloping roof edge draining into a single downspout near the middle of the wall. A dimension line marks 35 feet of gutter, and an annotation recommends one downspout for every 35 feet of gutter as a rule of thumb. An offset connects the gutter outlet to the vertical downspout against the exterior wall. At the bottom, an elbow and extension direct discharge away from the wall.

1909

Baskets/strainers at the top of downspouts

· p. 344

The cross section shows a gutter mounted against a fascia with a spike and ferrule, and a downspout connected beneath the gutter outlet. An open-wire basket/strainer sits over the outlet, with its bulbous upper portion projecting into the gutter and its narrow lower portion extending into the downspout. The strainer intercepts debris before it enters the downspout. The annotation explains that these strainers help keep downspouts clear but tend to make gutters clog more quickly; no actual debris blockage is drawn.

1910

Downspout extension too short

· p. 344

A cross-section at a house foundation compares a short downspout outlet with a longer extension shown in dashed outline. The short outlet, marked with a red X, discharges into a depression in settled backfill beside the foundation wall. Arrows show runoff collecting at the wall, and blue droplets depict water penetrating into the basement. The longer extension, marked with a green check, directs water away from the house to a discharge point labeled 4 to 6 feet from the house. Wall and floor framing, the foundation wall and footing, and the basement floor are also shown.

1911

Downspouts discharge into floor drain

· p. 344

This cross section shows an exterior downspout connected to a clay extension that descends alongside a basement foundation and runs beneath the floor to the floor-drain piping. The underfloor clay drainage system also connects to a cast-iron waste stack. Condition A shows a clogged vertical downspout extension, with water accumulating outside the foundation and penetrating a crack into the basement. Condition B shows leaves and other debris clogging the floor-drain trap, causing water to back up through the floor drain onto the basement floor.

1912

Does the downspout drain into the floor drain trap?

· p. 344

A cross section through a basement shows an exterior downspout connected to a buried clay extension beside the foundation wall. The extension turns beneath the basement floor and connects to the floor drain above its trap. The trapped drain connects to clay drain piping that also receives discharge from a cast-iron waste stack. Arrows at the floor drain indicate a cool draft, and debris is shown collecting in the trap. The illustration highlights the risk of leaves and other downspout debris clogging the floor drain trap.

1913

French drain

· p. 345

The illustration shows roof-edge gutters and downspouts on a house conveying runoff into below-grade drainage pipes. Dashed lines trace the underground pipes from two downspouts to a cylindrical, stone-filled French drain away from the foundation. Arrows around the drain indicate water dispersing into the surrounding ground. A dimension annotation specifies that the French drain should be at least 15 feet away from the house.

1914

Abandon below grade downspouts

· p. 345

A cross section through a basement shows a downspout connected to a clay-tile extension running below grade alongside the foundation wall and into piping beneath the basement. A floor drain and drainage pipes beside the foundation footings are also shown. An enlarged detail illustrates abandoning the below-grade downspout connection by capping the underground extension. The downspout is redirected through an elbow into a 6- to 10-foot horizontal extension above grade, carrying roof runoff away from the foundation.

1915

Flat roof drainage systems

· p. 345

The illustration shows three drainage arrangements for flat roofs. The scupper arrangement directs water through openings in a parapet wall, with an exterior downspout shown and a note identifying scuppers as common leakage locations. The internal drainage arrangement shows roof surfaces sloping toward a central roof drain, identified as a potential leakage area. The third arrangement directs water toward an open low roof edge equipped with a gutter and exterior downspout. Arrows indicate the direction of roof runoff.

1916

Scupper drains

· p. 345

The illustration shows a flat roof enclosed by parapet walls with rectangular scupper openings through the walls. Primary scuppers are positioned at the level of the roof membrane, and one is shown discharging into an exterior collector connected to a downspout. Secondary scuppers are positioned higher in the parapet walls. The annotation specifies that these are typically 2 inches above the membrane and provide emergency drainage if the primary scuppers become obstructed.

1917

Weight of water

· p. 345

The illustration shows a flat-roofed building with parapet walls and standing water on the roof. Dimension arrows indicate a 20-foot by 20-foot area, and the water is labeled as 1 inch deep. A large downward arrow labeled "ONE TON" emphasizes the load imposed by this accumulated water. A scupper drain is shown through a parapet, and an exterior downspout with a collection head and discharge elbow is visible on the building wall.

1918

Clogged interior flat roof drain

· p. 345

· p. 346

· p. 347

· p. 349

The illustration shows a concrete cantilevered retaining wall with weep holes near its base and a cutaway exposing the drainage assembly behind it. The holes are labeled roughly 4 inches in diameter and spaced no more than 10 feet apart. A section through one hole shows it sloped to drain toward the front of the wall. Gravel drainage backfill sits behind the wall, with geotextile fabric separating it from the native soil.